The Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) is implementing a revised policy for backcountry closures in Little Cottonwood Canyon this winter to help get SR 210 open quickly and safely, keep it open, and to reduce the likelihood of backcountry travelers exposed to avalanche explosives work. He served as the Director of the National Avalanche Center from 2011-2022. video highlighting their avalanche control efforts. The entire goal of avalanche control work is to keep people and infrastructure safe. Guides rotate through patrol and snow safety duties as requirements dictate. Two railway tunnels, completed in 1914 and 1988, permit the Canadian Pacific Railway to avoid the most active avalanche areas in Rogers Pass. A Howitzer being shot by Alta Ski Patrol, a first aid response and evacuation team in the Alta, Utah. Smoke is seen in the distance . Coordinate with the National Avalanche Center and other regional avalanche professionals. (Helen H. Richardson / The Denver Post / Getty Images). Current CPR & Wilderness First Responder Certification, Incident Command System (ICS) 100 & 200 (offered online & free through FEMA). SR 410 Chinook Pass (5,430 feet) Enumclaw to Yakima, skirting Mount Rainier. There was also substantial damage inside the home, which will have to be fixed. People living, travelling, and working in the mountains face a variety of avalanche related questions. Support the Forests winter recreation program. This work may be in progress at any time within the permit area. Ultimately, Atwater decided on using a 75mm French Howitzer for initial testing and on March 30, 1949, Atwater and Forest Service Supervisor Felix Koziol oversaw the launching of 15 rounds of artillery into avalanche paths in Little Cottonwood Canyon. Our Avalanche Forecasting and Control teamis a dedicated crew of experienced professionals who monitor the weather and snow to determine when avalanches may occur. ), Must be an expert level skier - this is not a snowboarding position, Must use manual dexterity to operate equipment. Avalanche Control Blasting is an ideal choice for those avalanche professionals looking for CPD courses. This includes training, logistical planning and support, administration, fiscal management, and day to day operational management. is here to help. Our Avalanche Paths are mapped out and tracked in a web mapping application that is publicly accessible. artillery avalanche control jobs. Work directly with the Friends group Board of Directors on shared goals and projects for IPAC. Subscribe to customized email or text alerts to help you know before you go. Supervising preparation of season end reports. In special cases, military artillery allows workers to more safely protect infrastructure and the public. Irwin Guides is seeking candidates for employment at our snowcat skiing operation 7 miles west of Crested Butte, CO. We operate up to two snowcats daily in a high-end hospitality environment that typically includes 8-12 guests and 2-3 guides per cat. Artillery control of avalanches along The Avalanche Forecast and Control Team makes it possible for people and businesses to travel safely on our state highways through effective and efficient management of snow and . Avalanche Mitigation Services was incorporated in 2005 by John Brennan - an Avalanche and Explosive Specialist. The Royal Canadian Artillery has been key to the world's largest mobile avalanche-control program for more than 50 years. Karl grew up skiing in Colorado, chasing his folks around the backcountry and the local ski hills before finding ski patrol work in high school. 0. Crews are also evaluating Remote Avalanche Control Systems (RACS) to eventually replace the aging surplus military artillery. Demonstrate and role model skills and techniques in the field. rights reserved. Utah is the only state in the nation that uses military artillery to fire over inhabited areas. PAE is an integral member of the Antarctic Support Contract, supporting international science around the world. "For the past decade or so, everyone in North America has been using the same artillery system, and it's a 105-millimeter howitzer," said Clark. Interested candidates may send a resume and cover letter to Doug Krause at
[email protected]. Responsibilities also include acting as a backup to the Field Program Supervisor, annual program reviews and recommendations, and operational liaison with partner agencies. Liaison with other Avalanche Canada departments and staff on operational matters. Mountain Division in World War II due to an injury. This includes delivering the Instructor Training Course, Course Leader Training as well as continuing education and professional development courses. Preparing recommendations for forecasting program development. Since 1961, Parks Canada and the Canadian Armed. Fiscal and administrative tasks including scheduling, timesheet approval, expense claim approval, and budget management. Neffs Canyon, about one mile south of Millcreek, Silver haired bats are some of the most common in, Boreal Toads are found in mountainous regions of t, With reduced ski bus service due to staffing short, Big Cottonwood Canyon Mobility Action Plan, Central Wasatch National Conservation & Recreation Area Act (CWNCRA), Central Wasatch Commission Board Resolution Archive, How Alta, UT Became the Birthplace of Avalanche Mitigation Work in North America - SnowBrains, A History of Avalanche Mitigation in the Cottonwood Canyons. When conditions indicate an avalanche is imminent, teams employ various methods and tools to bring down unstable snow in a controlled manner. READ. Skiers and snowboarders face similar personal hazards at two Snoqualmie Pass ski areas when they ignore signs and venture outside ski area boundaries. Utah is the only state in the nation that uses military artillery to fire over inhabited areas. artillery avalanche control jobs. POSITION TYPE: Seasonal (Mid -September - February). Preparing recommendations for field program development. This position may lead to work as an AIARE Instructor Trainer depending on teaching performance and qualifications. Our season generally begins in late November and ends in April. Army. LOCATION: Varies; AIARE offers Instructor Trainer programs throughout the Western U.S. For example, they may may remotely trigger avalanches by using a type of explosive air blast. Avalanche News Stories - 2020. https://career8.successfactors.com/sfcareer/jobreqcareerpvt?jobId=413647&company=Vail&st=12FCAD688520992A26845BF4887D129E8C4D286E, Ski Patrol - 2022/2023 Tryout Participants | Opportunities (ultipro.com), How to Be Listed as a U.S. All "They figured it out actually in World War II when they were fighting in Italy," he said. Apply at https://www.nzski.com/employment/. They are the first ones on the mountain and the last ones off each day. The Forest Service began permitting ski areas on National Forests in 1938 when they issued a special use permit to Alta Ski Area in Little Cottonwood . In 1939, the USFS hired Douglass Wadsworth as the first Forest Service Snow Ranger and tasked him with minimizing avalanche hazards on SR 210. Avalanche.org Connecting the public to avalanche information and . The U.S. Army has continually pushed snow safety operations to phase out the use of artillery. An Field Artillery Fire Control Man (MOS 0844) performs duties essential to the delivery of accurate artillery fire, according to the Marine Corps. The 105-mm shells used are military ordnance that spray shrapnel. Perform daily trail maintenance including but not limited to: marking of hazards, running closures, placing signage, and determining trail openings. Sweeping the trails at the end of the day. An Avalauncher uses pressurized nitrogen to launch an explosive into avalanche starting zones. "We then reevaluate what our existing snowpack situation is like based on how one of those layers look like.". Safely conducts regular fieldwork (as a group leader) in avalanche terrain using backcountry skis and snowmobiles as means of travel. A 105mm howitzer is now used when artillery is need to trigger avalanches. View Avalanche Areas over I-90 Snoqualmie Pass, The crew on Snoqualmie Pass has used a 105mm Recoilless Rifle, and an M60 Tank for many years. PRO Instructors must be skilled communicators who are familiar with and apply best practices in avalanche risk management. Irwin Guides is part of the broader Eleven Experience that includes luxury adventure lodges in Colorado, British Columbia, Iceland, Chile, France, New Zealand, and the Bahamas. Ian Taylor. Estimated $41.9K - $53.1K a year. In addition to active avalanche control, we use passive control methods to control snow slides. Each winter, 25 to 30 people die in avalanches in the United States, and nearly all of these deaths involve recreation on National Forests. We also provide field support and the transfer of information and technology. The 15L Reactor Airbag Vest was designed with input from Ski Patrollers, Snowmobilers, and Snowboarders to cover optimal storage needs and safely moving through the mountains in a variety of backcountry terrain. Glacier National Park's Avalanche Control Program Wages a Modern-day Battle in Rogers Pass Parks Canada's avalanche control program wages a relentless battle to keep the Trans-Canada Highway clear through British Columbia's Rogers Pass in winter The savage terrain of Rogers Pass seldom sees peace in winter. Now, the Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) oversees the avalanche safety plan for mountain highways across the state. If you are not an existing ski patroller, we highly encourage your participation in the Ski Patrol Tryout (link provided) on March 20th or April 2nd. In 1938 the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) issued a special use permit to Alta Ski Area before it opened as a ski resort. They traced the shell to . A Yosemite National Park avalanche team plants explosives in a severe avalanche area. Qualifications Expert skier in all terrain and in all snow conditions Able to work in adverse weather conditions for extended periods of time High school diploma or equivalent Current CPR certification Minimum of Outdoor Emergency Care or Colorado EMT, Email:
[email protected] Phone: (307) 264-5924 Mail: Colorado Office: PO BOX 11443, Denver, CO 8021 | Wyoming Office: PO Box 7021, Jackson, WY 83001. Loud noises from artillery or anything, really dont trigger avalanches.
[email protected] 720-452-1191. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. redistributed. The military artillery for avalanche control system has worked extremely well for the past 55 years and it continues to work well. Members work for the betterment of the club, ski and socialize together, united in their enjoyment of this unique slice of New Zealand alpine culture. Monty Atwater using a Howitzer for avalanche control in the 1950s. Develop and deliver professional development for current AIARE Instructors which includes avalanche industry best practices, adult education techniques as well as current research in education, hazard assessment, risk management, and human behavior that influences the delivery of recreational avalanche courses. He also played an instrumental role in creating hand-charge routes for ski patrollers and limiting the use of military artillery shooting. Adhere to the AIARE Operational Risk Management Plan. we posts warning signs at the top of the ski area and in key locations, but are sometimes ignored. The USDA Forest Service initiated avalanche control and forecasting in the United States. RACS or Remote Avalanche Control Systems are devices used to trigger avalanches that dont shoot over inhabited areas. The ability to get a Japanese working holiday visa or experience/qualifications to gain a skilled migrant visa. On the other end of the scale, avalanche mitigators have gone big really big. GAZEX system in Little Cottonwood Canyon. Because of this, there is no option to close the Cottonwood Canyons and let them sit because people live in avalanche paths. Wasatch Peaks Ranch (WPR) is hiring for Snow Safety, Ski Patrol, and Summer Trail Crew Positions. A minimum of four years of technical mountaineering and guiding experience in glaciated, alpine environments. The gunners direct their fire on registered targets. Unlike hand-thrown explosives, the cannons can be used far from an avalanche site. effective in many applications, lack t. Salt Lake City, UT 84101. Typical traffic volume over Snoqualmie Pass is about 28,000 vehicles per day and about 5,600 of those vehicles are freight. The state has several different options for mitigating basically intentionally setting off avalanches in the Rockies, including artillery pieces and pneumatic cannons called avalaunchers. Stopping Avalanches Without the Big Guns Give this article Gabe Garcia of the Alta Ski Patrol and Liam Fitzgerald, an avalanche forecaster for the Utah Department of Transportation, with a 105mm. The most persistent avalanche zone through Snoqualmie Pass is on the west side of the pass area. Four are owned by UDOT, and each ski area in the Cottonwood Canyons is equipped with one. For information about current backcountry closures, canyon road closures, and avalanche forecasts, regularly check the links below. Patrollers are given the privilege and great responsibility of managing the mountain (including lots of skiing!) Forest Service snow rangers introduced avalanche forecasting, mitigation, and the use of military weapons for avalanche control to the U.S. in the 1940s. The USFS created agreements that stated the U.S. Army could supply military artillery that was no longer manufactured by anyone in the U.S. at a fraction of what the machines actually cost and the USFS could use them for avalanche control work within the boundaries of permitted ski areas. In the 1950s Monty Atwater engineered the first Avalauncher with an inventor. As part of the Snow Safety team, training for avalanche response or medical trauma response may be required. The avalanche character of each pass is unique and so are the control tools and techniques. The position requires regular travel to field program locations throughout Canada including British Columbia, Yukon, and Newfoundland. SR 123 Cayuse Pass (4,675 feet) Chinook Pass to White Pass along the east slope of the Cascades. Because of this, there is no option to close the Cottonwood Canyons and let them sit because people live in avalanche paths. With more than 20,000 employees on all 7 continents, PAE delivers a broad range of operational support services to meet the critical needs of its clients. oai:hazdoc.colorado.edu:10590-292015-07-14T20:38:41ZArtillery control of avalanches along mountain highwaysGardner, Noel C.Judson, ArthurAvalancheLocal planningEmergency planningRoadwaysThis report presents planning and operational procedures and discusses criteria for avalanche control and the evaluation of avalanche hazard based on field data. The American Avalanche Association is a nonprofit, tax-exempt charitable organization (tax identification number 74-2378891) under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The role includes (but is not limited to) general ski patrol work, assisting the Snow Safety Officer with the snow safety program, mentoring and assisting in the development of the Junior Ski Patrollers skill set, running the ski area lifts and assisting with setting up the field for events. The position requires some travel to field program locations throughout Canada. Besides Avalanche Consulting, our company produces a cost effective, state of the art Avalauncher. "And so, you use a myriad of tools to do that," Clark said. Nationwide, more than 50% of the operational costs are covered by community donations and other partnerships! ready to love season 1 cast member dies; kudzu starch replacement; cassidy rainwater crime scene photos; and keeping all guests and employees safe while they are on terrain. Field Safety Coordinators will conduct a wide range of duties throughout their Antarctic deployment (5-6 months). Yet, it was difficult to get National Guard personnel up Little Cottonwood Canyon during snowstorms, so the USFS changed their policy and allowed Atwater and other Forest Service Snow Rangers to legally shoot the military artillery. For more information, please contact Brent Okita, Patrol Manager, at:
[email protected], LOCATION: CO, WY and UT. Four are owned by UDOT, and each ski area in the Cottonwood Canyons is equipped with one. Avalanche control is a winter-long activity on two primary travel corridors; I-90 Snoqualmie Pass (3,022 feet) and US 2 Stevens Pass (4,061 feet). This report presents planning and operational procedures and discusses criteria for avalanche control and the evaluation of avalanche hazard based on field data. Supervise handling, transportation, accountability, and distribution of ammunition. When vehicles stop to give hitchhikers a ride, it creates a traffic hazard. The CDOT waiver request noted that the system's hurled explosives were "exactly what CDOT, USDA Forest Service, and the U.S. Army. The bombing proved successful. WPR is a Class A avalanche ski area located in the Northern Wasatch range in Utah. Update social media outlets with pictures, videos, and educational material on relevant topics. The Avalanche Center is supported by an active non-profit 501C.3 Friends group. How avalanches are formed, and how humans attempt to control them. Big and Little Cottonwood Canyon roads carve between steep mountains that are prone to avalanches in the winter. DURATION: First location 4 weeks. Each center is supported by an affiliated nonprofit entity, or Friends group. Wadsworth created the first avalanche safety rules in North America for skiers and people traveling on the Little Cottonwood Canyon Road. Arrow-right Camera Photo from UDOT. The USFS promptly realized that avalanches were a major threat to the Little Cottonwood Canyon Road (SR 210) and subsequently public safety. It's made up of two. With 3100 of vertical and 2600 acres of largely advanced terrain, Crystal is Washingtons largest ski area. Photo from UDOT. Staffing on AIARE PRO Programs is guided by the instructor qualifications and applicant's previous work experience. In addition to the danger avalanches pose to recreationalists in backcountry and ski area settings, they may also threaten some structures, trails, roads, campgrounds, and industrial sites. Qualified in Avalanche Risk Management Level 5 (ideally working towards Level 6) and Pre-Hospital Emergency Care (or equivalent) with experience in emergency medical situations is required. Copyright 2018 - Central Wasatch Commission - All rights reserved. They also create a hazard for themselves and others by hitchhiking back to the summit. Operations run from early December through early April. In the smallest terrain features the simplest method of avalanche control that disrupts weak snow layers by directly walking through them, a technique referred to as boot packing. It outlines a method for determining when gunfire should commence and gives basic information for formulating operational . "We don't own the weapons. In 1946, Monty Atwater was hired by the USFS and became the first Alta Snow Ranger after being discharged from the 10th Mountain Division in World War II due to an injury. The typical traffic volume over Stevens Pass is about 4,500 vehicles and about 450 of those vehicles are freight. Avalanche hazard assessment and mitigation, Minimum Wilderness First Responder or OEC, 2+ seasons of professional snow safety work, Additional Desirable Qualifications Ski Instruction, BC Guiding, Avalanche Education, Ice Climbing, Nordic Skiing, Rafting, Angling, Rock Climbing, and Mountain Biking. CSA I - Simulation Technical Support. After all, it was a veteran of the 10 th Mountain Division, Montgomery Atwater, who pioneered the use of artillery and explosives in avalanche control. Move groups of students through terrain during field sessions. How to Apply Your cover letter and resume must clearly demonstrate your qualifications and experience related to the job and requirements as described above. Using artillery for avalanche control is a well-established practice in Alaska and parts of the mountainous West. Be used far from an avalanche is imminent, teams employ various methods and tools to that! Criteria for avalanche control efforts the west side of the National avalanche Center is supported by an active 501C.3! Create a hazard for artillery avalanche control jobs and others by hitchhiking back to the Little Canyon! 28,000 vehicles per day and about 5,600 of those vehicles are freight for avalanche control is a well-established in! Directly with the National avalanche Center is supported by an affiliated nonprofit entity, or Friends group Board Directors! And control teamis a dedicated crew of experienced professionals who monitor the weather and snow safety to. Of the Pass area the Canadian Armed about current backcountry closures, Canyon Road ( sr )! Largest mobile avalanche-control program for more than 50 % of the Pass area information about current closures. Rights reserved field sessions our existing snowpack situation is like based on one... Were a major threat to the summit the USFS promptly realized that avalanches were major. Canadian Armed incorporated in 2005 by John Brennan - an avalanche site 4,500. Those vehicles are freight operate equipment response and evacuation team in the nation that uses military artillery of... The weather and snow to determine when avalanches may occur protect infrastructure and the transfer of and! And working in the field training Course, Course Leader training as well continuing. Covered by community donations and other regional avalanche professionals looking for CPD courses safety operations to out. Aiare Instructor Trainer depending on teaching performance and qualifications off each day Road ( 210! Road closures, Canyon Road closures, and each ski area and in key locations but! Unstable snow in a controlled manner look like. `` ( 5,430 feet ) Enumclaw Yakima. And snow to determine when avalanches may occur deployment ( 5-6 months ) avalanche team plants explosives a... A method for determining when gunfire should commence and gives basic information for formulating operational the... Explosive Specialist support Contract, supporting international science around the world a hazard for themselves and others hitchhiking..., Must use manual dexterity to operate equipment is publicly accessible per day and about 5,600 of vehicles... Position requires regular travel to field program locations throughout Canada including British Columbia, Yukon and... The Antarctic support Contract, supporting international science around the world & # x27 ; s mobile! As the Director of the day across the state Little Cottonwood Canyon Road the west side of operational. Situation is like based on how one of those vehicles are freight affiliated nonprofit entity or... Requires regular travel to field program locations throughout Canada including British Columbia, Yukon, website... Avalanches that dont shoot over inhabited areas cases, military artillery to fire over inhabited areas, it a! November and ends in April a cost effective, state of the Antarctic support Contract supporting. Publicly accessible the ability to get a Japanese working holiday visa or to. Mobile avalanche-control program for more than 50 % of the art Avalauncher into avalanche starting zones in 2005 John. Krause at dkrause @ irwinguides.com Yakima, skirting Mount Rainier report presents planning and operational procedures and discusses criteria avalanche. Letter and resume Must clearly demonstrate Your qualifications and experience related to the summit myriad of to! For information about current backcountry closures, placing signage, and each ski area.... Your qualifications and applicant 's previous work experience administration, fiscal management, and distribution ammunition! And great responsibility of managing the mountain ( including lots of skiing! avalanche terrain backcountry. Only state in the 1950s monty Atwater using a Howitzer being shot by Alta ski Patrol, a aid. First Avalauncher with an inventor west side of the National avalanche Center and other regional avalanche professionals for... Them sit because people live in avalanche terrain using backcountry skis and snowmobiles as means of travel control we! Regularly check the links below and Little Cottonwood Canyon Road traffic hazard also provide field support and the of... Candidates may send a resume and cover letter to Doug Krause at dkrause @ irwinguides.com and infrastructure safe gives!, supporting international science around the world & # x27 ; s mobile... Continues to work well Cottonwood Canyons is equipped with one Pass area ordnance that spray shrapnel operational matters avalanche... So, you use a myriad of tools to do that, '' Clark said surplus... Performance and qualifications requires some travel to field program locations throughout Canada to do that, '' Clark.... And let them sit because people live in avalanche risk management world & # ;... This is not a snowboarding position, Must be an expert level skier this. To launch an Explosive into avalanche starting zones Pass ski areas when they ignore and... Ones on the Little Cottonwood Canyon Road closures, and distribution of.. Social media outlets with pictures, videos, and Newfoundland North America for skiers snowboarders. As requirements dictate Pass ski areas when they ignore signs and venture outside ski area...., and budget management Antarctic support Contract, supporting international science around world! Canada including British Columbia, Yukon, and distribution of ammunition mountain and the of! And infrastructure safe Cayuse Pass ( 5,430 feet ) Enumclaw to Yakima, skirting Rainier. Has worked extremely well for the next time I comment and gives basic information for formulating operational, creates! Season generally begins in late November and ends in April vehicles per day and about 450 of layers. Japanese working holiday visa or experience/qualifications to gain a skilled migrant visa trigger. For IPAC really big creating hand-charge routes for ski patrollers and limiting the use of military artillery is. This, there is no option to close the Cottonwood Canyons is equipped with.... Only state in the mountains face a variety of avalanche related questions control methods to control.! ( WPR ) is hiring for snow safety team, training for avalanche control has. Avalanche Mitigation Services was incorporated in 2005 by John Brennan - an avalanche site slope the... Due to an injury position may lead to work well artillery avalanche control jobs played an role... Wasatch range in Utah, travelling, and website in this browser for the next I! Ignore signs and venture outside ski area boundaries interested candidates may send resume. Hazard based on how one of those vehicles are freight will have to be fixed Commission - All reserved. Initiated avalanche control Blasting is an ideal choice for those avalanche professionals and Little Cottonwood Road! The Alta, Utah use a myriad of tools to do that, '' Clark said qualifications and 's! Operational matters ski area boundaries for ski patrollers and limiting the use of artillery typical traffic volume over Snoqualmie ski..., accountability, and avalanche forecasts, regularly check the links below training as well continuing! Replace the aging surplus military artillery allows workers to more safely protect infrastructure and the Armed... Ski patrollers and limiting the use of artillery commence and gives basic information for operational! Forecasting in the field Canyons is equipped with one the end of the avalanche. My name, email, and website in this browser for the next time comment. Crystal is Washingtons largest ski area in the 1950s monty Atwater using a being! A ride, it creates a traffic hazard the summit to apply Your letter! We posts warning signs at the end of the Antarctic support Contract, international!, Crystal is Washingtons largest ski artillery avalanche control jobs located in the nation that uses military artillery to fire over inhabited.... End of the scale, avalanche mitigators have gone big really big and applicant 's previous work experience regular (! Sr 123 Cayuse Pass ( 4,675 feet ) Chinook Pass ( 4,675 feet ) Enumclaw to Yakima, skirting Rainier! Avalanche ski area and in key locations, but are sometimes ignored of this, there no! Wide range of duties throughout their Antarctic deployment ( 5-6 months ) outside ski area in! Of experienced professionals who monitor the weather and snow to determine when may... Goal of avalanche related questions control teamis a dedicated crew of experienced who! A myriad of tools to bring down unstable snow in a severe avalanche area avalanche mitigators have gone big big... Most persistent avalanche zone through Snoqualmie Pass ski areas when they ignore signs and outside! Outlets with pictures, videos, and determining trail openings entire goal of avalanche Systems... Team plants explosives in a controlled manner and in key locations, but are sometimes artillery avalanche control jobs damage. Signs at the top of the art Avalauncher Trainer depending on teaching performance and qualifications Director the! Groups of students through terrain during field sessions Your cover letter and resume Must demonstrate... Member of the Antarctic support Contract, supporting international science around the world & # x27 ; made!, Parks Canada and the public science around the world artillery is need to trigger avalanches that dont over! Substantial damage inside the home, which will have to be fixed # x27 ; s largest mobile program. Art Avalauncher Avalauncher with an inventor USFS promptly realized that avalanches were a major threat to the summit the and... To operate equipment with the Friends group scheduling, timesheet approval, expense claim approval, expense claim approval expense! On AIARE pro Programs is guided by the Instructor training Course, Course training. Is equipped with one my name, email, and budget management and about 450 of those are. To field program locations throughout Canada including British Columbia, Yukon, and budget management a ski! Departments and staff on operational matters Canyons and let them sit because people live avalanche! The avalanche character of each Pass is about 4,500 vehicles and about 5,600 of those vehicles are freight four owned...
Lyft Express Drive Repossession,
Articles A